مطالعات خاورمیانه

مطالعات خاورمیانه

امنیت انسانی در خاورمیانه عربی؛ تأثیر بهار عربی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
جواد حیران نیا 1
کیهان برزگر 2
مهدی ذاکریان 2
1 دانشجوی دکتری رشته روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی و روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
20.1001.1.15601986.1401.29.3.6.6
چکیده
مطالعات سیاسی-امنیتی‏‏، به مرور زمان به سوی چند بعدی نگریِ «امنیت» سوق یافته­اند. تحولات ناشی از جهانی­شدن و واقعه یازدهم سپتامبر نیز درک شبکه­ای از «امنیت» را رایج ساخته است. از این رو‏، عموماً بررسی «چالش­های سیاسی-امنیتی» در چارچوب این تحولات نظری‏، سازماندهی و ارائه می­شوند. تحولات منطقه خاورمیانه در طول سال­های اخیر نشان داده که هم موضوع امنیت و هم مرجع امنیت از تفسیر کلاسیک آن فاصله گرفته است. تا پیش از این و در رویکرد سنتی به امنیت، «دولت» هدف و مرجع امنیت قلمداد می­شد و موضوع امنیت بیشتر «نظامی» بود؛ ولی تحولات بعد از بهار عربی نشان داده که امنیت دیگر نه «دولتی» است و نه صرفاً مسئله‌ای «نظامی». رهیافت رئالیستی در طول جنگ سرد و پس از جنگ سرد (تا قبل از 11 سپتامبر) با توجه و تأکید و تمرکز آن بر قدرت و امنیت در مناسبات بازیگران نسبت به بسیاری از تهدیدها و چالش­های داخلی بازیگران بی­توجه بوده است. علت اصلی حاکم شدن این رهیافت در مناسبات، ساختار حاکم بر نظام بین­الملل در طول جنگ سرد و دخالت­های قدرت­های بزرگ در منطقه خاورمیانه بوده است. این مقاله به دنبال این پرسش است که بهار عربی چه آثاری بر نظم امنیت خاورمیانه داشته است؟ در پاسخ به این سوال می‌توان گفت بهار عربی نشان داد که تفسیر مضیق از امنیت که دربردارنده ثبات «دولت» است نمی‌تواند تضمین­کننده امنیت شهروندان یک کشور باشد و چه بسا نظام سیاسی به بهانه تأمین امنیت کشور امنیت شهروندان را نیز به خطر اندازد.
روش­شناسی این تحقیق مبتنی بر رویکرد پساپوزیتیویستی است. در این تحقیق از روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی و تاریخی استفاده شده است. اطلاعات نیز از طریق منابع اسنادی، اینترنتی و بهره­گیری از پایگاه­های خبری با تکیه بر داده‌های عینی-تاریخی گردآوری شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
امنیت انسانی
امنیت دولتی
حقوق بشر
توسعه انسانی
بهار عربی

عنوان مقاله English

Human security in the Arab Middle East; The Impact of the Arab Spring

نویسندگان English

javad heirania 1
kayhan barzegar 2
Mehdi Zakerian 2
1 Ph.D. Student of International Relations, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Over time, political-security studies have moved towards a multi-dimensional view of security. Developments caused by globalization and the September 11th incident have also popularized the understanding of security. Therefore, generally, the investigation of political-security challenges is organized and presented in the framework of these theoretical developments. Developments in the Middle East region in recent years have shown that both the issue of security and the reference of security have moved away from its classical interpretation. Where in the traditional approach to security, the goal and reference of security was considered to be state and the issue of security was military, but developments after the Arab Spring have shown that security is no longer a state base, nor is it merely a military issue. The realist approach during the Cold War and after the Cold War (before September 11) with its attention and emphasis and focus on power and security in states relations has been indifferent to many internal threats and challenges of the states. The main reason for the dominance of this approach was the nature of the international system during the Cold War and the interference of great powers in the Middle East region. This article seeks the question of what effects the Arab Spring had on the security order of the Middle East. In response to this question, it can be said that the Arab Spring showed that the narrow interpretation of security, which includes the stability of the state, cannot guarantee the human security, and the political system may endanger the security of the citizens under the pretext of ensuring the state security.
The methodology of this research is based on the post-positivist approach. Descriptive-analytical and historical research methods have been used in this research. Information has also been collected through documentary sources, internet and using news bases, relying on objective-historical data.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

human security
state security
human rights
human development
Arab Spring

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