The new intellectual class that emerged in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century under the influence of Western philosophy demanded radical political and economic transformations. The intellectuals, under the names of the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks, were organized with the aim of preventing the collapse of the Ottoman Empire by establishing a constitutional government. In this research, the change of the intellectual class in the Ottoman Empire was investigated with historical comparative method. This study will contribute to the examination of the history of modernization, opposition and parliament in the Ottoman Empire by revealing the evolution and transformation of the first organizations of opposition intellectuals. The results of the research show that the Young Turks were inspired by the activities and associations of the Young Ottomans, but their ideologies were very different from each other. The Young Ottomans were influenced by the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment, while the Young Turks were influenced by the philosophy of biological materialism and positivism. The ideological differences of these groups stemmed from their social status, education background, and the political conditions of the period in which they lived. The Young Ottomans and Young Turks tried to combine their ideas with Islamic and Western philosophy to be accepted by society. While the Young Ottomans were successful to some extent in this regard, the philosophy adopted by the Young Turks did not allow this unification