The 2023 Gaza War is a major turning point in the reproduction of civilizational fault lines and the emergence of identity-based alignments in the international system. This crisis was not merely a geopolitical confrontation, rather a stage for the symbolic clash between Islamic and Western civilizations. In this context, Turkey—undergoing a fundamental transformation in its foreign policy over the past decades—sought to consolidate its position as a civilizational power, grounded in Islamic and historical foundations. The core question of this study is, how has Turkey’s foreign policy during the 2023 Gaza War been redefined within the framework of civilizational conflicts between Islam and the West? This article constitutes a case study grounded in the theory of the Clash of Civilizations. The authors argue that Turkey’s response to the Gaza crisis reflects not merely geopolitical or strategic considerations, but an identity-driven transformation, aimed at positioning the country as a representative of the Islamic civilization in opposition to the West. Findings of this article suggest that Turkey’s positions during the conflict cannot be interpreted solely through national interest; rather, they represent a broader effort to consolidate a civilizational identity. Nevertheless, contradictions between rhetoric and practice, the lack of consensus within the Islamic world, and Turkey’s lack of effective instruments to influence developments on the ground limited its effectiveness. The article concludes that civilizational agency in world politics requires the convergence of domestic coherence, regional legitimacy, and institutional capacity—without which, Turkey’s policy remains suspended between aspirational identity and geopolitical constraint.